偏远地区农户宅基地退出影响因素与退出路径衔接*——以新疆玛纳斯县为例

[目的]为研究农户宅基地退出影响因素在经济不发达的偏远地区的特殊性。[方法]文章通过对新疆玛纳斯县农户进行入户问卷调查,选取玛纳斯县两镇四乡作为样本区,从农户个体特征、家庭特征、宅基地资源禀赋与政策认知程度方面提出3个假设,采用Probit回归模型分析农户宅基地退出意愿影响因素的显著性,验证假设并分析其缘由。[结果]族别、家庭职业类型、宅基地拥有的数量和多余宅基地处置方式与农民退出宅基地发生概率成正向变动关系,受教育程度、宅基地使用年限、有无证书、无证书的原因、宅基地预期估算价值和交通便利情况对宅基地退出意愿有负向影响的作用,宅基地资源禀赋和政策认知程度较农户个体特征和家庭特征对农户退出意愿有显著影响。[结论]对于偏远地区宅基地退出实施前需先进行政策宣讲与流程介绍,消除不同产权主体对政策的认知偏差;宅基地退出前后各相关部门要做好工作衔接,保障宅基地退出资金来源并建立多元化退出补偿方式,落实宅基地退出后各方面保障等策略,从而驱动宅基地科学、合理、有序退出政策的谨慎推广实施。     

农户过量施肥风险认知及环境友好型技术采纳行为的影响因素分析*——基于四川省380个柑橘种植户的调查

[目的]化肥过量使用造成的污染,已成为制约我国农业和农村可持续发展的重要因素,如何科学合理施肥,提高化肥利用效率已成为我国急需解决的问题。[方法]文章利用四川省12个区县380户柑橘种植户的实地调研数据,运用双变量Probit模型分析柑橘种植户过量施肥风险认知与环境友好型技术采纳行为的影响因素。[结果]柑橘种植农户对过量施肥风险的认知和测土配方技术采纳行为之间存在相关性;文化程度高、柑橘种植收入占家庭总收入的比例大、种植面积大、种植年限长、对"三品"农产品的认知水平高和接受过技术培训的柑橘农户,对过量施肥风险存在一定的认知;在具备上述特征的基础上,外出务工劳动力占比低的农户和新型经营主体更愿意采纳测土配方施肥技术。[结论]通过校地合作、"三品"认证、市场规范、制定生产标准等措施,提高柑橘种植户过量施肥风险认知,促使测土配方施肥技术的采纳,合理施肥,提高化肥利用率,促进我国农业可持续发展。     

A bivariate model for evaluating equity-linked policies with surrender option

This article proposes a bivariate lattice model for evaluating equity-linked policies embedding a surrender option when the underlying equity dynamics is described by a geometric Brownian motion with stochastic interest rate. The main advantage of the model stays in that the original processes for the reference fund and the interest rate are directly discretized by means of lattice approximations, without resorting to any additional transformation. Then, the arising lattices are combined in order to establish a bivariate tree where equity-linked policy premiums are computed by discounting the policy payoff over the lattice branches, and allowing early exercise at each premium payment date to model the surrender decision.     

Formation of interdependent regional trade agreements and production networks

Production networks (PNs) can be defined as a determinant of trade partnership. Deepening PNs may generate positive welfare effects and lead to a proliferation in the formation of interdependent regional trade agreements (RTAs). This paper theoretically develops the link between PNs and the formation of RTAs and empirically investigates the link by applying a qualitative choice model estimation methodology (probit) with panel data that covers bilateral country‐pairs among 147 countries between 2000 and 2010. We find that the RTA formation has been strongly driven by deepening PNs between members as well as with third countries. We also find that production network‐driven RTA interdependence is member specific.     

Adversarial and Amiable Inference in Medical Diagnosis,Reliability and Survival Analysis

In this paper, we develop a family of bivariate beta distributions that encapsulate both positive and negative correlations, and which can be of general interest for Bayesian inference. We then invoke a use of these bivariate distributions in two contexts. The first is diagnostic testing in medicine, threat detection and signal processing. The second is system survivability assessment, relevant to engineering reliability and to survival analysis in biomedicine. In diagnostic testing, one encounters two parameters that characterize the efficacy of the testing mechanism: test sensitivity and test specificity. These tend to be adversarial when their values are interpreted as utilities. In system survivability, the parameters of interest are the component reliabilities, whose values when interpreted as utilities tend to exhibit co‐operative (amiable) behavior. Besides probability modeling and Bayesian inference, this paper has a foundational import. Specifically, it advocates a conceptual change in how one may think about reliability and survival analysis. The philosophical writings of de Finetti, Kolmogorov, Popper and Savage, when brought to bear on these topics constitute the essence of this change. Its consequence is that we have at hand a defensible framework for invoking Bayesian inferential methods in diagnostics, reliability and survival analysis. Another consequence is a deeper appreciation of the judgment of independent lifetimes. Specifically, we make the important point that independent lifetimes entail at a minimum, a two‐stage hierarchical construction.     

内蒙古集体林权制度改革后农户收入变化影响因素分析

从农户角度出发,研究内蒙古集体林权制度改革后农户收入变化。根据实地调查获得的相关数据,运用Probit模型进行实证分析,分析各主要影响因素对农户收入变化的作用方向和影响程度。根据Probit模型的回归结果发现:林地块数、家庭人均年纯收入、是否有林权证、是否有林下种植和林下养殖、是否有木材采伐等影响因素对集体林权制度改革后农户收入变化的作用效果较为显著。在此基础上,提出林业相关部门要全面落实林权证发放工作、全面落实林改配套改革的实施、鼓励农户积极发展林下经济、加大最新林业政策的宣传力度、加强林业基础设施的建设等建议。     

元谋县蔬菜种植户绿色生产行为采纳及影响因素分析

在乡村振兴与绿色发展的战略背景下,农业绿色生产作为一种新型的生产方式,是促进农业绿色发展转型、加快实现农业农村现代化以及农业发展可持续化的一项首要任务,而实现农业绿色发展的关键在于农户对绿色生产行为的采纳程度。基于此,以元谋县167户蔬菜种植户的调研数据为基础,运用Multivariat Probit模型分析社会认同、预期效益感知、政策制度环境3个方面对农户绿色生产行为采纳的影响。结果表明：蔬菜种植户对5项绿色生产技术采纳程度都不高;社会认同中的角色示范和组织参与能够在一定程度上对蔬菜种植户绿色生产行为采纳产生影响;蔬菜种植户对绿色生产技术预期收入越高、环境影响越积极,绿色生产行为采纳意愿越强烈;政府技术推广与培训、补贴与鼓励都能显著提高蔬菜种植户绿色生产行为采纳积极性。鉴于此,建议充分发挥周围邻里的示范带动和组织参与的双重作用,提高农户绿色生产行为采纳预期经济、环境效益感知以及政府加强绿色生产技术的宣传和补贴力度,促使蔬菜种植户更好地融入元谋县产业绿色发展转型进程,促进元谋县在乡村振兴进程中蔬菜产业的绿色发展及菜品的提质增效。     

Goodness-of-fit tests for Poisson count time series based on the Stein–Chen identity

To test the null hypothesis of a Poisson marginal distribution, test statistics based on the Stein–Chen identity are proposed. For a wide class of Poisson count time series, the asymptotic distribution of different types of Stein–Chen statistics is derived, also if multiple statistics are jointly applied. The performance of the tests is analyzed with simulations, as well as the question which Stein–Chen functions should be used for which alternative. Illustrative data examples are presented, and possible extensions of the novel Stein–Chen approach are discussed as well.     

农地流转背景下新疆农户残膜回收机械化技术采纳分析

[目的]新疆是我国农膜施用和农膜残留最严重的地区。基于农户调查数据,分析农户残膜回收方式和残膜回收机械化技术采纳,重点研究农地流转对农户残膜回收机械化技术采纳的影响,以期为新疆及全国农膜残膜污染治理提供了有益借鉴。[方法]文章采用描述性统计分析农户残膜回收方式和处置行为,运用Probit回归模型实证分析农地流转对农户残膜回收机械化技术采纳的影响。[结果]新疆农膜残膜回收方式目前主要依靠人工捡膜,而农地流转促进了农户采用残膜回收机械化技术;户主个体特征和政策因素是影响农户残膜回收的主要因素,而人均农业收入、耕地特征、残膜回收技术培训和订单农业生产对农户残膜回收机械化技术采纳产生重要影响。[结论]随着农业劳动力成本上升和耕地规模经营,人工残膜回收方式不具有可持续性,而农地流转后耕地规模经营有助于残膜回收机械化技术的应用,提高了耕地残膜回收率。因此,有序推进农地流转规模经营,促进农户残膜回收机械化技术采纳是未来残膜污染治理的必然选择。